Sage-grouse are grouse belonging to the bird genus Centrocercus. The genus includes two species: the Gunnison grouse ( Centrocercus minimus) and the greater sage-grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus). These birds are distributed throughout large portions of the north-central and Western United States, as well as the Canada provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Names
The
specific epithet is from another Greek word,
oura, plus
phasianos, pheasant. The noun "
pheasant" was originally applied to a bird that was native to the valley of the Phasis River (now the
Rioni River), which is located in Georgia. In the time of Lewis and Clark, the word "pheasant" stood for "a genus of gallinaceous birds", according to lexicographer
Noah Webster (1806), and the explorers often used it in that sense. "Gallinaceous" then referred to "domestic fowls, or the gallinae"; the family
Galliformes (Latin "gallus", cock, and "forma", shape) now includes pheasants, grouse, turkeys, quail, and all domestic chickens.
Sage grouse are also collectively known as "sagehen", "sage grouse", "sage cock", "sage chicken", or "cock of the plains."[ Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed., 2007)]
History
Sage grouse have been widely recognized in Native American culture for some time.
The animals were a part of pre-columbian diets and were represented in certain traditional ceremonies, as well. Indeed, Sage Grouse previously inhabited most of what became the western United States, with ranges in 16 different states.
In their day, Lewis and Clark were credited with the discovery of five gallinaceous birds in addition to the sage grouse—the Columbian sharp-tailed grouse, the dusky grouse, Franklin's grouse, the Oregon ruffed grouse, and the mountain quail; they were the first to widely spread knowledge about these birds to European settlers.[From Discovering Lewis & Clark, http://www.lewis-clark.org © 1998–2008 VIAs Inc.]
US military issues
In September 2016, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) stalled in Congress because President Trump indicated he would not let the annual NDAA proceed to a vote in the House of Representatives unless it contained language to bar the sage grouse from the federal endangered species list until at least 2025. President Trump threatened a veto over the issue that Trump, Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman, believed would be sustained. Current US Air Force spending on sage grouse conservation is around US$200,000, with eight known military installations having confirmed grouse populations: Dugway Proving Ground and Tooele Army Depot in
Utah; Sheridan Training Area and Camp Guernsey in
Wyoming; Hawthorne Army Depot and Nellis Air Force Base in
Nevada; Yakima Training Center in Washington, and Mountain Home Air Force Base in
Idaho.
[ Grouse About This: A Funny-Looking Bird Is Holding Up Key National Defense Legislation, Joe Gould, DefenseNews.com, 27 September 2016, accessed 29 September 2016]
Species
There are two species:
The Mono Basin population may represent a third species.
Anatomical features
Males of
C. urophasianus are the largest
grouse from
temperate North America, attaining a maximum weight of . Adults have a long, pointed tail and legs with
to the toes. As in most
Galliformes, there is pronounced sexual dimorphism.}
Courtship and mating
Centrocercus species are notable for their elaborate courtship rituals. Each spring males congregate on
Lek mating and perform a "strutting display." The male puffs up a large, whitish air sack on its chest, makes a soft drumming noise, and struts around with his tail feathers displayed and air sack puffed up. Groups of females observe these displays and select the most attractive males to mate with. Only a few males do most of the breeding. Males perform on leks for several hours in the early morning and evening during the spring months between February and April. Leks are generally open areas adjacent to dense sagebrush stands, and the same lek may be used by grouse for decades.
Offspring
Hens build
bird nest and lay and incubate their
bird egg under the cover of
sagebrush. The hen uses
Graminoid and
forbs between patches of sagebrush for additional cover. During incubation, female Sand Grouse undertake recesses, where they leave the nest to undertake self-maintenance activities, thought these recess activities are typically within 250 m of the nest.
Chicks can walk as soon as they are hatched and are able to fly short distances within two weeks. Within five weeks they are able to fly longer distances.
Conservation status
Populations of sage grouse are in decline due to environment loss and decline of the pristine plains environments it requires to mate. The sage grouse is found in significant numbers within only half of the states comprising its original territories. The Biodiversity Conservation Alliance and other organizations have petitioned to list the grouse under the Endangered Species Act.
In March 2010 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) concluded that greater sage-grouse are warranted for protection as "threatened" under the U.S. federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). However the USFWS also concluded that immediate listing was "precluded" by higher listing priorities for other jeopardized species. Thus they designated the species a "Level 8 Candidate" for addition to the list of threatened species at some future date. Their finding is being litigated by groups contending the species should immediately receive protections under the ESA.
The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) investigated some of the reasons for the declining sage-grouse population. Researchers observed cattle who share Grazing with the sage-grouse. They found that cattle, after consuming about 40% of the tussocks in between sagebrush bushes, will continue to consume the tussocks growing underneath the sagebrush, thereby destroying the nesting habitat for the sage-grouse.
GPS trackers show that sage grouse congregate in small areas with certain resources, rather than being widely spread.
US federal conservation plans have been met with lawsuits from wildlife organizations.
On December 6, 2018, according to the New York Times:
As a mascot
The sagehen is the mascot of the Pomona-Pitzer Sagehens, the joint athletics program for
Pomona College and
Pitzer College, two of the Claremont Colleges.
External links
